# Foundations of Large Language Models **Opening (not a real abstract):** Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 Unported License (the “License”). You may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0. Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an “AS IS ” BASIS , WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License. June 17, 2025 **Authors:** [[Tong Xiao and Jingbo Zhu]]