# Kasabov - Foundations of Neural Networks, Fuzzy Systems, and Knowledge Engineering **Opening (not a real abstract):** We are surprisingly flexible in processinginfonnation in the real world. The human brain, consisting of 1011neurons, realizesintelligent infonna tion processing based on exact and commonsensereasoning. Scientists have been trying to implement human intelligence in computers in various ways. Artificial intelligence(AI ) pursuesexact logical reasoningbased on symbol manipulation . Fuzzy engineering usesanalog values to realize fuzzy but robust and efficient reasoning. They are macroscopic ways to realize human intelligence at the level of symbols and rules. Neural networks are a microscopic approach to the intelligenceof the brain in which information is representedby excitation patterns of neurons. All of theseapproaches are partially successfulin implementing human intelligence, but are still far from the real one. AI uses mathematically