# Musical Intervals, Scales, and Tunings- Auditory Representations and Neural Codes **Opening (not a real abstract):** Much of the world’s music is tonal music—music that uses combinations and sequences of pitched sounds to produce its effects on listeners. This chapter describes basic properties of musical scales and tuning systems and examines their major characteristics in terms of the psychophysics of pitch, musical interval perception, consonance, tonal hierarchies, and auditory neural representations. The first section surveys the structure of musical pitch space and tonal relations. The second describes major features of common scales and tuning systems and takes up questions related to why scales and tuning systems take the forms that they do. The last examines what characteristics of pitch space and scale design might be explicable in terms of early auditory neural representations of pitch. The discussion moves from an introduction to musical pitch **Authors:** [[Peter Cariani]]