# Vocal communication of emotion- A review of research paradigms **Keywords:** Vocal communication, Expression of emotion, Speaker moods and attitudes, Speech technology, Theories of emotion, Evaluation of emotion effects on voice and speech, Acoustic markers of emotion, Emotion induction, Emotion simulation, Stress effects on voice, Perception/decoding **Abstract:** The current state of research on emotion effects on voice and speech is reviewed and issues for future research efforts are discussed. In particular, it is suggested to use the Brunswikian lens model as a base for research on the vocal communication of emotion. This approach allows one to model the complete process, including both encoding (expression), transmission, and decoding (impression) of vocal emotion communication. Special emphasis is placed on the conceptualization and operationalization of the major elements of the model (i.e., the speaker’s emotional state, the listener’s attribution, and the mediating acoustic cues). In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of research paradigms for the induction or observation of emotional expression in voice and speech and the experimental manipulation of vocal cues are discussed, using pertinent examples drawn from past and present research. Reference SCHERER, Klaus R. Vocal communication of emotion: A review of research paradigms. Speech Communication, 2003, vol. 40, no. 1-2, p. 227-256 DOI : 10.1016/S0167-6393(02)00084-5 Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:102083 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version. Speech Communication 40 (2003) 227–256 www.elsevier.com/locate/specom Vocal communication of emotion: A review of research paradigms Klaus R. Scherer * Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, 40. Boulevard du Pont d’Arve, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland Abstract The c **Authors:** [[SCHERER]]